Men are biologically primed to fight wars because of the large amount of testosterone they contain, since it is widely believed that testosterone is linked to aggression. This is why parents and psychologists should do their best to support children as much as possible,” says Zeina, a field activist in Syria. In Europe, countries that had been in an almost constant state of war with one or more of their neighbors for centuries — such as France, Germany, Great Britain, Spain, Holland, Poland, Russia — have experienced an unprecedentedly long period of peace. In certain cases, land is ceded to the victorious nations. Similarly, the anthropologist R. Brian Ferguson has amassed convincing evidence to show that warfare is only around 10,000 years old, and only became frequent from around 6,000 years ago. Once a war has ended, losing nations are sometimes required to pay war reparations to the victorious nations. By Staff Reports on August 8, 2014 Global Health. Here James suggested that warfare was so prevalent because of its positive psychological effects, both on the individual and on society as a whole. The combined damage consisted of complete or partial destruction of 1,710 cities and towns, 70,000 villages/hamlets, 2,508 church buildings, 31,850 industrial establishments, 40,000 miles of railroad, 4100 railroad stations, 40,000 hospitals, 84,000 schools, and 43,000 public libraries. The problem with this isn’t so much having pride in our identity, but the attitude it engenders towards other groups. Therefore, it is necessary to reform the humanitarian aid system to respond to psychological damage. In fact, most conflicts throughout history have been a clash between two or more different identity groups—the Christians and Muslims in the Crusades, the Jews and Arabs, Hindus and Muslims in India, the Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland, the Israelis and Palestinians, the Serbs, Croats, and Bosnians, and so on. Pfeiffer found that 16 percent of kids who were abducted were depressed and, of these, 34 percent were suicidal. Moral standards are only applied to members of our own group. By the end of the war, the European economy had collapsed with 70% of the industrial infrastructure destroyed. On soldiers Edit. Violence may also be linked to a low level of serotonin, since there is evidence that when animals are injected with serotonin they become less aggressive. Secondly, war is strongly related to group identity. As Pinker points out, the decades after the Second World War — up till the 1980s — saw an increase in intrastate violence in the world as a whole, due to a large number of civil wars. In every war in which American soldiers have fought in, the chances of becoming a psychiatric casualty – of being debilitated for some period of time as a consequence of the stresses of military life – were greater than the chances of being killed by enemy fire. Warfare is a highly planned and organized activity, mostly conducted and organized in non-violent situations — which does not involve a great deal of actual fighting.*. Some studies show rates as high as 82 percent, but the fact remains that war is hugely traumatic for children, especially when they are directly affected. Many children are orphaned or lose at least one parent when displaced. War has been the solution for political conflicts between opposing groups for thousands of years. For example, the territory of Alsace-Lorraine has been traded between France and Germany on three different occasions. Egotism is the source and summary of all faults and miseries -- Thomas Carlyle. For example, Russia's involvement in World War I took such a toll on the Russian economy that it almost collapsed and greatly contributed to the start of the Russian Revolution of 1917.

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