Even now, talking about her career makes Angie Nanni nervous: “I still don’t if I can help it,” she says. The process was accelerated in 1953 when Venona code breakers California Do Not Sell My Info “Once I walked out of those gates, I would forget about Arlington Hall,” Nanni says. most notorious, and perhaps the most threatening to national security, of One of the top analysts at Arlington Hall in 1946, when a steady stream of Venona files was being translated, was Meredith Gardner, a former language teacher at the University of Akron, Ohio. They carried handbags. Another Arlington Hall examiner, Lieutenant Oliver Kirby, discovered relevant coded material in the German town of Schleswig. The last year of WWII was also pivotal as far as data emanating from Venona was concerned. “I don’t know how I did it,” says Angie, who was 99 years old when we talked in March. Nobody knew what to do with them, but no crackerjack code-breaking operation throws any message away. The release of the Venona intercepts answered many questions regarding the immense Soviet penetration of the U.S. government during and after WWII and, more important, resolved the roles played by some major participants in the Cold War, including Alger Hiss and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Cold War (1945–1950), The Start of the Atomic Age, Cold War (1972–1989): The Collapse of the Soviet Union, NSA (United States National Security Agency). He sold insurance until he died, in 1967. It marks the first time that any of the female Venona code breakers has given an interview to a reporter. Gene dated men, and men tended to like her very much, but “I just don’t think she was interested in getting married.”. At the end of the day, they unpinned their maps of the Soviet Union from the wall and locked up their Russian textbooks. Grabeel stayed put. The year was 1945, and World War II was over. government. Get the best of Smithsonian magazine by email. intelligence was used to seek out Soviet agents of espionage, but some The Venona project monitored Soviet communications in the United (Maggie Steber / VII Photo; The National Archives UK / Public Domain). and decrypt high-level Soviet diplomatic communications. William Weisband, who briefly contributed to Venona by translating But after Nanni proved her mettle—it didn’t take long—she encountered Lt. Hunter in the ladies’ room. The that KGB headquarters had limited knowledge of the communications were double-ciphered, utilizing not only the Soviet codes, but also a Immediately following the war, relations Venona intercepts provided information on Soviet counterintelligence tradecraft. The Venona messages were encoded in a fiendishly complex system, so difficult to crack that the women mined the same trove for decades, endlessly going over code groups, digging out names, going back and back as new information came to light. Gene Grabeel retired at 58, in 1978. Since Venona documents were not analyzed as After the war he joined the Venona team and spent the next 27 years cracking Soviet codes. Unknown to Lamphere, Philby had been a Soviet mole since the late 1930s, when he joined the famous Cambridge spy ring. Using these few hints, the former home ec teacher and her colleagues divined that Arlington Hall had messages passing along five different Soviet communications systems. So yes, numbers were her calling. Cold War. American socialist and communist organizations were never mentioned in Given access to the Venona material by the FBI, Philby promptly warned a fellow mole, Donald MacLean, that Venona had implicated him as a spy and to get out of the United States without delay. between the two counties deteriorated. Advertising Notice By the time Venona analysts were able to make considerable headway into Soviet communications, the war had ended. Whether Philby provided KGB headquarters with Cryptonym Angie had never heard the word “non-carrying” before, but as she looked at the streams of digits, something happened in her brain. As Venona intercepts yielded more information about Soviet infiltration of The information culled via Venona regarding the Rosenbergs is noteworthy. Breaking the Soviet espionage network in the United States. Customer agencies—the CIA, the FBI and agencies in the U.K.—wanted the messages mined as long as they might yield something, but in 1978, the NSA evaluated the likelihood of any more matches and decided to phase out the program within two years. Some of the Some of those sailors were killed or sent back to imprisonment in Russia. She had not. As time goes on, more intelligence in the Venona files is being released, giving 21st-century historians a better behind-the-scenes look at one of the previous century’s most turbulent times—the Cold War. (Ninety percent of Arlington Hall code breakers would be women.) Grabeel’s father agreed she would be happier in Washington “shuffling paper” for six months—her likely task, they both assumed—so she took the job. It also revealed the indisputable fact that Rosenberg served as a prime conduit between the couriers in Los Alamos and the KGB in New York. Around the same time, a former Soviet agent, Elizabeth Bentley, gave the FBI a stunning 107-page statement detailing spies in the State and Treasury departments, the OSS, the Pentagon, even the White House. It encrypt the first letters in the same way as an ordinary Vigenère cipher, but after all letters in the key have been used it doesn't repeat the sequence.

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