Jones G, Droz B, Greve P et al. Additionally, some studies have found that antioxidants in both foods and supplements may improve memory in patients with Alzheimer’s (17). [, Xun P, Bujnowski D, Liu K, Morris JS, Guo Z, He K. Distribution of toenail selenium levels in young adult Caucasians and African Americans in the United States: the CARDIA Trace Element Study. This micronutrient can be found in a wide variety of foods, from oysters to mushrooms to Brazil nuts. Adequate Intake (AI): Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA. Dennert G, Zwahlen M, Brinkman M, Vinceti M, Zeegers MP, Horneber M. Selenium for preventing cancer. Selenium is a trace mineral that is found naturally in the soil and also appears in certain foods. Brazil nuts, seafoods, and organ meats are the richest food sources of selenium [1]. Hemodialysis removes some selenium from the blood [26]. Selenium deficiency occurs when someone has lower than adequate levels of selenium in their body. © 2005-2021 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. [. It Is Sensitive. The little-known mineral molybdenum is actually an essential nutrient that you need to get from the diet. Curr Nutr Rep 2012;1:16-23. It is also … It … Atherosclerosis can lead to dangerous health problems like strokes, heart attacks, and heart disease (13). Int J Cancer 2010;127:1875-81. Selenium. World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. In: Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR, eds. Klein EA, Thompson Jr. IM, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, et al. A diet rich in selenium may help keep your heart healthy, as low … In a Cochrane review of selenium and cancer prevention studies, compared with the lowest category of selenium intake, the highest intake category had a 31% lower cancer risk and 45% lower cancer mortality risk as well as a 33% lower risk of bladder cancer and, in men, 22% lower risk of prostate cancer [39]. J Alzheimers Dis 2011;26:81-104. Selenium deficiency produces biochemical changes that might predispose people who experience additional stresses to develop certain illnesses [6]. [, Bleys J, Navas-Acien A, Laclaustra M, Pastor-Barriuso R, Menke A, Ordovas J, et al. However, people in some other countries whose diet consists primarily of vegetables grown in low-selenium areas are at risk of deficiency [6]. An observational study including over 6,000 people found that low serum levels of selenium were associated with an increased risk of autoimmune thyroiditis and hypothyroidism (23). In addition to decreasing oxidative stress, selenium may help lower the risk of certain cancers. Effects of selenium supplementation on cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality: secondary analyses in a randomized clinical trial. Includes a variety of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products, and oils. Food-chain selenium and human health: emphasis on intake. [, Reid SM, Middleton P, Cossich MC, Crowther CA. Selenium supplementation and cancer prevention. [, Kupka R, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, Rifai N, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW. Women with thyroid peroxidase antibodies tend to develop hypothyroxinemia while they are pregnant and thyroid dysfunction and hypothyroidism after giving birth [9]. glutathione peroxidase), and therefore to protect the body against oxidative damage. *DV = Daily Value. Updated: March 11, 2020 History of changes to this fact sheet, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Strengthening Knowledge and Understanding of Dietary Supplements, My Dietary Supplement and Medicine Record, How To Evaluate Health Information on the Internet, NIH Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program, Analytical Methods and Reference Materials (AMRM), Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database (DSID), Computer Access to Research on Dietary Supplements (CARDS) Database, Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Acute selenium toxicity has resulted from the ingestion of misformulated over-the-counter products containing very large amounts of selenium [2,5]. These include bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Acute selenium toxicity can cause severe gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms, acute respiratory distress syndrome, myocardial infarction, hair loss, muscle tenderness, tremors, lightheadedness, facial flushing, kidney failure, cardiac failure, and, in rare cases, death [2,6]. There are even small amounts in the water you drink. These airways become inflamed and begin to narrow, causing symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing (28). Almost all of the subjects in these clinical trials were well-nourished male adults in the United States. Additionally, some studies have shown that selenium supplements may benefit people with Hashimoto’s disease. JAMA 2009;301:39-51. In two large studies, participants with lower plasma selenium levels at baseline were more likely to experience cognitive decline over time, although whether the participants in these studies were selenium deficient is not clear [55,58,59]. The selenium content of soil affects the amounts of selenium in the plants that animals eat, so the quantities of selenium in animal products also vary [2,5]. This section focuses on four diseases and disorders in which selenium might play a role: cancer, cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline, and thyroid disease. [, Laclaustra M, Stranges S, Navas-Acien A, Ordovas JM, Guallar E. Serum selenium and serum lipids in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004. Selenium is a mineral that protects our body against damage by acting as an anti-oxidant. 11th ed. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD009671. According to an analysis of data from the 2009–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the average daily selenium intake in Americans aged 2 years and older from foods is 108.5 mcg and from both foods and supplements is 120.8 mcg [17]. Marginal or deficient selenium concentrations might be associated with age-related declines in brain function, possibly due to decreases in selenium’s antioxidant activity [55,56]. Selenium deficiency was also deemed the cause of death (via cardiomyopathy) of adult patients on selenium-deficient TPN (total parenteral nutrition-- given to patients in desperate … [. Oxidative stress has been linked to chronic conditions like heart disease, Alzheimer’s, and cancer, as well as premature aging and the risk of stroke (2, 3, 4, 5, 6). Additional clinical trials are needed to better understand the contributions of selenium from food and dietary supplements to cardiovascular health. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:2335-42. A review of trials of selenium-only supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease found no statistically significant effects of selenium on fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events [54]. Almost all calcium is stored in bones and teeth … Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:694-9. [, Bailey RL, Gahche JJ, Lentino CV, Dwyer JT, Engel JS, Thomas PR, et al. A review of 69 studies that included over 350,000 people found that having a high blood level of selenium was associated with a lower risk of certain types of cancer, including breast, lung, colon, and prostate cancers (9). It plays a critical role in metabolism and thyroid function and helps protect your body from damage caused by oxidative stress. Both selenocysteine and selenite are reduced to generate hydrogen selenide, which in turn is converted to selenophosphate for selenoprotein biosynthesis [4]. [, Akbaraly TN, Hininger-Favier I, Carriere I, Arnaud J, Gourlet V, Roussel AM, et al. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005;59:1250-8. One example is provided below. For example, one study showed that the selenium concentration in Brazil nuts varied widely by region. [, Xun P, Liu K, Morris JS, Daviglus ML, He K. Longitudinal association between toenail selenium levels and measures of subclinical atherosclerosis: the CARDIA trace element study. Selenium and human health. In one randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 100, 200, or 300 mcg/day selenium for 6 months in 368 healthy adults aged 60 to 74 years had no effect on thyroid function, even though plasma selenium levels increased significantly [64]. Selenium supplements may also help reduce asthma-related symptoms. A meta-analysis of 20 epidemiologic studies showed a potential inverse association between toenail, serum, and plasma selenium levels and prostate cancer risk [40]. What’s more, selenium may help boost your immune system, slow age-related mental decline, and even reduce your risk of heart disease. [, Campa A, Shor-Posner G, Indacoche F, Zhang G, Lai H, Asthana D, Scott GB, Baum MK. Vitamin and Mineral Requirements in Human Nutrition, Qualified Health Claims: Letters of Enforcement Discretion, Tuna, yellowfin, cooked, dry heat, 3 ounces, Sardines, canned in oil, drained solids with bone, 3 ounces, Beef steak, bottom round, roasted, 3 ounces, Baked beans, canned, plain or vegetarian, 1 cup, Oatmeal, regular and quick, unenriched, cooked with water, 1 cup. Asthma has been associated with increased levels of oxidative stress and inflammation in the body (29). Incorporating selenium-rich foods into your diet is a great way to keep levels of oxidative stress and inflammation to a minimum. HIV Clin Trials 2002;3:483-91. 2003 Sep;377(1):32-8. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1567-75. Cisplatin, an inorganic platinum chemotherapy agent, is used to treat ovarian, bladder, lung, and other cancers. Research suggests that people who have asthma have lower blood levels of selenium. May protect against heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:762-73. Selenium levels are often low in people living with HIV, possibly because of inadequate intakes (especially in developing countries), excessive losses due to diarrhea, and malabsorption [2,27]. The daily amount of selenium needed is defined in several different ways. The SU.VI.MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000. Recommended Intakes. New research suggests that people with a certain genetic variation may benefit more from taking the popular nutritional supplement to reduce their risk of breast cancer. [, Kupka R, Garland M, Msamanga G, Spiegelman D, Hunter D, Fawzi W. Selenium status, pregnancy outcomes, and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Greatest for selenomethionine and their methylated derivatives doses of selenium supplementation on cardiovascular disease questions about, or,. 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