As of 2016 paternity leave accounts for 25% of paid parental leave in Sweden. [57] A Harvard report cited research showing paid maternity leave "facilitates breastfeeding and reduces risk of infection"[38] but is not associated with changes in immunization rate. Fertility rates peaked for those between 25–29 and 30–34 across European countries. Norman, H., M. Elliot & C. Fagan. [18], There are also observable improvements in the mental health of mothers when they are able to return to work later. [62], Children whose mothers worked in the first 9 months were found to be less ready for school at the age of 3 years. [39] Studies differ in how this helps return to work after taking time off. [87], Reduction of the gender pay gap (GPG) is also an important goal for the EU.

[205], In 2017, a group of men started an online petition[206] to increase the length of paid paternity leave from the current 11 consecutive days to 4 weeks. [14][15], The neoclassical model of labor markets predicts that, if the cost of hiring women of child-bearing years is anticipated to increase (either because the employer is mandated to pay for maternity leave or because she will be absent from work on public leave), then the "demand" for women in the labor market will decrease. If the total number of dependent children in a family will be at least three after the adoption, then the parents receive 18 weeks of leave. [78], Statistics show a positive correlation between maternity leave policies and women's employment, but the causation relationship cannot be firmly established. 0800 181 4422. However, the employee will be able to take a short period of emergency leave to care for the child - see time off to deal with emergencies involving dependants. Although parental leave is increasingly granted to fathers, mothers continue to take the majority of guaranteed parental leave. "Maternity Leave, Early Maternal Employment and Child Health Development in the US.".

(Ore. 2019), Kleman, Jacob, Kelly Daley, and Alyssa Pozniak. In countries in which leave entitlements include a father's quota, there has been a pronounced impact, with the quota being credited for increasing paternal involvement and challenging gender roles within the family, promoting a more equal division of labor. European Commission. The length of paid maternity leave was extended from fifty-six days prior to reform, to ninety days in 1988, and to 98 days in 2012. [126], National laws vary widely according to the politics of each jurisdiction. 7 days' 100% parental leave per year for solo parents until the child is 18, or indefinitely if the child has a disability.

[114][115], The Australian government provides paid parental leave for both parents, but more for the mother compared to the father. [68][69], The economic consequences of parental leave policies are subject to controversy. It is thus argued that paid parental leave, in contrast to unpaid parental leave, is harmful to children's welfare because in countries with an aging workforce or countries with sub-replacement fertility, children are born not because the parents want the child and can meet the child's needs but because children are expected to support their parents. [95], A study done in Norway found that when parental leave is granted for both parents, there is still gender inequality observed in the form of mothers being more likely to have part-time jobs compared to their partners. [93] The only Nordic country that does not provide fathers with a quota is Denmark, where women have the right to four weeks parent leave before giving birth and 14 weeks leave after giving birth. , Leitner, S., Ostner, I. Some see the increase in paid parental leave as indicative of companies reaching out to women, as more women are working and returning to work after having children, and by doing so these companies generate positive publicity as employers with family-friendly workplaces.
In 2014, the International Labour Organization reviewed parental leave policies in 185 countries and territories, and found that all countries except Papua New Guinea have laws mandating some form of parental leave. The maternity leave shall be granted with half-pay if the woman has not completed one year.
[125] The Maternity Protection Convention C 183 adopted in 2000 by International Labour Organization requires 14 weeks of maternity leave as minimum condition. [120] None of the policies directly aim to tackle gender roles and gender inequality, but rather to solve immediate problems the country is facing at the time. In the European Union, non-transferable parental leave remains a controversial issue.

Negative impacts in terms of school-readiness were most pronounced when the mother worked at least 30 hours per week. [96] Since then, the government has provided child care support for parents who want them in order to encourage mothers to return to full-time jobs earlier, and it is effective to a certain extent. Although all Nordic countries have extended the total leave period, their policies towards father's quota are different. In the European Union, the policies vary significantly by country—with regard to length, to payment, and to how parental leave relates to prior maternity leave—but the EU members must abide by the minimum standards of the Pregnant Workers Directive and Parental Leave Directive.[33]. As of 17 October 2018: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/509999/IPOL_STU(2015)509999_EN.pdf, European Parliament.

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