The indigenous people of Central Mexico had practices rendering labor and tribute products to their polity's elites and those elites to the Mexica overlords in Tenochtitlan, so the Spanish system of encomienda was built on pre-existing patterns of labor service. When the Spanish voyagers first arrived, they were … Timeline of Hernan Cortes' Conquest of the Aztecs, Thomas, Hugh. [43]:286, Considerable doubt has been cast by different commentators on this explanation, which may have been self-serving rationalization on the part of Alvarado, who may have attacked out of fear (or greed) where no immediate threat existed. A major work that utilizes colonial-era indigenous texts as its main source is James Lockhart's The Nahuas After the Conquest: Postconquest Central Mexican History and Philology. [72] If the population of Tenochtitlan was 250,000 in 1519, then Tenochtitlan would have been larger than every city in Europe except perhaps Naples and Constantinople, and four times the size of Seville. The Aztec's enemies helped to defend the Aztecs from the Spanish. To ensure the legality of this action, several members of his expedition, including Francisco Montejo and Alonso Hernandez Puertocarrero, returned to Spain to seek acceptance of the cabildo's declaration with King Charles. Even so, they quickly assimilated much of their neighbors' culture, and the strength of the surrounding tribes helped protect the city from other invading groups. [42], The eight bad omens or wonders:[38]:3–11, Additionally, the Tlaxcala saw a "radiance that shone in the east every morning three hours before sunrise", and a "whirlwind of dust" from the volcano Matlalcueye. After the Spanish conquest of central Mexico, expeditions were sent further northward in Mesoamerica, to the region known as La Gran Chichimeca. Two years later, in 1519, Cortés and his retinue set sail for Mexico. Individuals and groups laud their own accomplishments, while often denigrating or ignoring those of their opponents or their allies or both. Howard F. Cline, "Evolution of the Historia General" in, Blackburn 1997: 136; Friede 1971: 165–66, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Last edited on 27 November 2020, at 17:25, Narrative of Some Things of New Spain and of the Great City of Temestitan, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, Fall of Tenochtitlan § Siege of Tenochtitlan, History of Morelos, Conquest and Revolution, Historiography of Colonial Spanish America, https://www.thoughtco.com/hernan-cortes-conquest-of-aztecs-timeline-2136533, https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/conquest/id593921773?mt=11, http://www.mexicoarcheology.com/cempoala/, "Affirmative action and Hernán Cortés (1485–1547) : Mexico History", "The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America", History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes, University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center, La Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire&oldid=990985584, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, February 1519 – 13 August 1521 against the, 1428 – Creation of the Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan, 1492–93 – Columbus reaches the Caribbean; start of permanent Spanish settlements, 1493–1515 – Spanish exploration, conquest, and settlement in the Caribbean and the, 1503–09 – Moctezuma's coronation conquests, 1504 – Hernando Cortés arrives in the Caribbean, 1511– Spanish viceroy in the Caribbean appoints Diego Velázquez to conquer and govern Cuba, 10 February – Cortés expedition leaves Cuba taking Hernández de Córdoba's route. To this day, the title of Duke of Moctezuma is held by a Spanish noble family. Actually, as bad as the Spanish were, the Indians were right, they weren't as bad as the Aztecs. In 1520, Cortes left Tenochtitlan to fight Spanish forces deployed from Cuba by Diego Velazquez; forces sent to arrest Cortes for defiance. The Spaniards agreed to respect parts of the city, like the temples, and reportedly took only the things that were offered to them freely. Tenochtitlan). [11] According to an indigenous account, the Spanish killed Moctezuma. Cortés ordered Moctezuma to speak to his people from a palace balcony and persuade them to let the Spanish return to the coast in peace. Córdoba took two prisoners, who adopted the baptized names of Melchor and Julián and became interpreters. These were almost immediately published in Spain and later in other parts of Europe. Testing Military Superiority as a Cause of Europe's Pre-Industrial Colonial Conquests." This, despite Moctezuma's chieftains, nephews and relations suggesting they should attack the Spanish.[43]:243–49. Even some foods associated with Mesoamerican religious practice, such as amaranth, were forbidden. Early June – Cortes establishes the colony of Villa Rica de la Veracruz and relocates the company to a beach near the settlement of Quiahuiztlan. Late December – Spanish-Tlaxcalan forces return to the Valley of Mexico; join with Texcocan forces of Ixtlilxochitl, February – combined Spanish-Tlaxcalan- Texcocan forces attack Xaltocan and Tlacopan; Texcoco become the base of operations for the campaign against Tenochtitlan, Early April – attacks against Yautepec and Cuernavaca, following by sacking, Mid-April – Combined forces defeated by the Xochimilcans, Tenochtitlan's ally, 10 May – Start of the siege of Tenochtitlan; potable water from Chapultepec cut off, 30 June – Defeat of Spanish-Tlaxcalan forces on a causeway; capture and ritual sacrifice of the Spaniards and their horses in Tenochtitlan, July – Spanish ships land at Veracruz with large numbers of Spaniards, munitions, and horses, 1 August – Spanish-Tlaxcalan-Texcocan forces enter the Plaza Mayor; last stand of the Aztec defenders, 13–17 August – Wholesale sacking and violence against the survivors in Tenochtitlan, November – Death of Cortés's wife, Catalina Suárez, in Coyoacan, where Cortés was resident while the new capital, Cortés's Second Letter to the crown is published in Seville, Spain, February – execution of the three rulers of the former Triple Alliance, including Cuauhtemoc, Don Juan Velázquez Tlacotzin, former "viceroy" (, A column of fire that appeared from midnight until dawn, and seemed to rain fire in the year 1517 (12-House), A lightning bolt destroying the straw temple of, The appearance of fire, or comets, streaming across the sky in threes during the day, The "boiling deep," and water flooding, of a lake nearby Tenochtitlan. [43]:220–21 At the end of this explanation, the Emperor pledged his loyalty to the King of Spain and accepted Cortés as the King's representative. However, they were not met by the city leaders and were not given food and drink on the third day. The main reasons for the Spanish conquest was superior weaponry and tactics, gaining allies and introduction of European disease. [43]:326–52, Cortés then approached Tenochtitlan and mounted a siege of the city that involved cutting the causeways from the mainland and controlling the lake with armed brigantines constructed by the Spanish and transported overland to the lake. These accounts are similar to Spanish conquerors' accounts contained in petitions for rewards, known as benemérito petitions. Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico. [38]:92–93, The joint forces of Tlaxcala and Cortés proved to be formidable. Gifts were exchanged, and Cortés attempted to frighten the Aztec delegation with a display of his firepower. The Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes and 800 men landed in Mexico in the 1500s and conquered the Aztec leader Montezuma … [7] On the western side of the Yucatán Peninsula, the Spanish were attacked at night by Maya chief Mochcouoh, a battle in which fifty men were killed. Who Conquered it and who where the Key People Involved. So the Aztecs, as you may know, were a mad Mesoamerican civilisation in central Mexico in the 1300s–1500s, known for human sacrifice, fantastic colourful prints, excessive amounts of gold, that weird ballgame featured in cinematic masterpiece The Road to El Dorado, and eventually being conquered by the Spanish. Intrusions on their shoulders with feathers and jewels the Indians were right they! Water or buildings on both sides palace of Xacayatzin, and he tortured! And customs of another country 80 ] [ clarification needed ] Moctezuma warned Cortés to Pedro de Alvarado coming. In battle, others by diplomacy into Tarascan territory and arrived at Tlaxcala, a of. 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